{"id":142,"date":"2017-07-04T22:44:08","date_gmt":"2017-07-04T14:44:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/?p=142"},"modified":"2017-07-04T22:44:08","modified_gmt":"2017-07-04T14:44:08","slug":"voltaire-and-the-french-enlightenment-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/2017\/07\/04\/voltaire-and-the-french-enlightenment-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltaire and the French Enlightenment 4"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

The Plague (1947) by\u00a0<\/em>Albert Camus.<\/p>\n

… he wished that plague would take one-half the language, and ague the other half.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

ague<\/strong>.\u00a0a fever with successive stages of fever and chills esp when caused by malaria.<\/p>\n

He was introduced to the literati by Lord Bolingbroke, and dined with one after\u00a0another of them, even with the elusive and corrosive<\/strong> Dean Swift.\u00a0He pretended to no pedigree, and\u00a0asked none of others.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Literati<\/strong> are well-educated people who are interested in literature.<\/p>\n

Someone’s pedigree<\/strong> is their background or their ancestors.<\/p>\n

What surprised him was the freedom with which Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison, and Swift wrote\u00a0whatever they pleased: here was a people that had opinions of its own; a people that had remade its\u00a0religion, hanged its king, imported another, and built a parliament stronger than any ruler in Europe.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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  • Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke was an English politician, government official and political philosopher.<\/li>\n
  • Alexander Pope\u00a0was an 18th-century English poet. He is best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer, and he is also famous for his use of the heroic couplet.\n
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    • A couplet<\/strong> is two lines of poetry which come next to each other, especially two lines that rhyme with each other and are the same length.<\/li>\n
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      To err is human, to purr is feine.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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      • When a cat purrs<\/strong>, it makes a low vibrating sound with its throat because it is contented.<\/li>\n
      • A feline<\/span><\/strong> is an animal that belongs to the cat family.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
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        The world forgetting, by the world forgot.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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        \u00a0Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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        • Joseph Addison was an English essayist, poet, playwright, and politician.\n
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            Three grand essentials to happiness in this life are something to do, something to love, and something to hope for.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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            A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man can enjoy in this world.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
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            Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            The English Reformation<\/strong> was a series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England\u00a0broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.\u00a0Based on Henry VIII<\/strong>‘s desire for an annulment of his marriage (first requested of Pope Clement VII in 1527), the English Reformation was at the outset more of a political affair than a theological dispute.<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Henry VIII<\/h6>\n

            The annulment<\/strong> of a contract or marriage is an official declaration that it is invalid, so that legally it is considered never to have existed.<\/p>\n

            The Glorious Revolution<\/strong>, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder ((from the 15th century to the late 18th century) the chief magistrate of the United Provinces of the Netherlands) William III, Prince of Orange.<\/p>\n

            Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution<\/strong> in 1649.<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Charles I<\/h6>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            James II<\/h6>\n

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            William III<\/h6>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Mary II<\/h6>\n

            There was no Bastille here, and no lettres de cachet by which titled pensioners or royal idlers could\u00a0send their untitled foes to jail without cause and without trial.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

            Someone’s foe<\/strong> is their enemy.<\/p>\n

            Voltaire never to the end of his life ceased to wonder at them: in the Dictionnaire\u00a0Philosophique he makes one of them say: \u201cOur God, who has bidden us love our enemies and suffer\u00a0evil without complaint, assuredly has no mind that we should cross the sea to go and cut the throats of\u00a0our brothers because murderers in red clothes and hats two feet high enlist citizens by making a noise\u00a0with two sticks on an ass\u2019s skin.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

            If you bid<\/strong> someone do something, you ask or invite them to do it.<\/p>\n

            An ass<\/span> <\/strong>is an animal which is related to a horse but which is smaller and has long ears.<\/p>\n

            Quakers<\/strong> (or Friends) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement founded by George Fox c.<\/i> 1650 and devoted to peaceful principles. Central to the Quakers’ belief is the doctrine of the \u201cInner Light,\u201d or sense of Christ’s direct working in the soul. This has led them to reject both formal ministry and all set forms of worship.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            The Plague (1947) by\u00a0Albert Camus. … he wished that plague would take one-half the language, and ague the other half. ague.\u00a0a fever with successive stages of fever and chills esp when caused by malaria. He was introduced to the literati by Lord Bolingbroke, and dined with one after\u00a0another of them, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-story-of-philosophy"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=142"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/142\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=142"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=142"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}