{"id":130,"date":"2017-07-03T23:01:37","date_gmt":"2017-07-03T15:01:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/?p=130"},"modified":"2017-07-03T23:01:37","modified_gmt":"2017-07-03T15:01:37","slug":"voltaire-and-the-french-enlightenment-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/2017\/07\/03\/voltaire-and-the-french-enlightenment-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltaire and the French Enlightenment 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fran\u00e7ois became an adept at argument.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Someone who is adept<\/span> <\/strong>at<\/span> something can do it skilfully.<\/p>\n

Not that he was a quiet and merely studious lad; he burnt the midnight oil\u2014of others.\u00a0He took to\u00a0staying out late, frolicking with the wits and roisterers of the town, and experimenting with the\u00a0commandments;\u00a0 until his exasperated father sent him off to a relative at Caen, with instructions to keep the youth practically in confinement.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Someone who is studious<\/strong> spends a lot of time reading and studying books.<\/p>\n

If you take to<\/strong> doing something, you begin to do it as a regular habit.<\/p>\n

When people or animals frolic<\/strong>, they play or move in a lively, happy way.<\/p>\n

roister<\/strong>.\u00a0to engage in noisy merrymaking; revel.<\/p>\n

If you revel<\/strong> in a situation or experience, you enjoy it very much.<\/p>\n

If you describe a person as exasperated<\/strong>, you mean that they are frustrated or angry because of something that is happening or something that another person is doing.<\/p>\n

\u201cPimpette,\u201d held breathless clandestine interviews with her, and wrote to her\u00a0passionate letters ending always with the refrain, \u201cI shall certainly love you forever.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Something that is clandestine<\/strong> is hidden or kept secret, often because it is illegal.<\/p>\n

\u6742\u66f2\u6b4c\u8f9e\u00b7\u5c11\u5e74\u884c\u4e09\u9996<\/h3>\n
\u674e\u767d<\/h6>\n

\u51fb\u7b51\u996e\u7f8e\u9152\uff0c\u5251\u6b4c\u6613\u6c34\u6e44\u3002
\n\u7ecf\u8fc7\u71d5\u592a\u5b50\uff0c\u7ed3\u6258\u5e76\u5dde\u513f\u3002
\n\u5c11\u5e74\u8d1f\u58ee\u6c14\uff0c\u594b\u70c8\u81ea\u6709\u65f6\u3002
\n\u56e0\u58f0\u9c81\u53e5\u8df5\uff0c\u4e89\u60c5\u52ff\u76f8\u6b3a\u3002
\n\u4e94\u9675\u5e74\u5c11\u91d1\u5e02\u4e1c\uff0c\u94f6\u978d\u767d\u9a6c\u5ea6\u6625\u98ce\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u843d\u82b1\u8e0f\u5c3d\u6e38\u4f55\u5904\uff0c\u7b11\u5165\u80e1\u59ec\u9152\u8086\u4e2d\u3002<\/strong>
\n\u541b\u4e0d\u89c1\u6dee\u5357\u5c11\u5e74\u6e38\u4fa0\u5ba2\uff0c\u767d\u65e5\u7403\u730e\u591c\u62e5\u63b7\u3002
\n\u547c\u5362\u767e\u4e07\u7ec8\u4e0d\u60dc\uff0c\u62a5\u4ec7\u5343\u91cc\u5982\u54ab\u5c3a\u3002
\n\u5c11\u5e74\u6e38\u4fa0\u597d\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u6d51\u8eab\u88c5\u675f\u7686\u7eee\u7f57\u3002
\n\u5170\u8559\u76f8\u968f\u55a7\u5993\u5973\uff0c\u98ce\u5149\u53bb\u5904\u6ee1\u7b19\u6b4c\u3002
\n\u9a84\u77dc\u81ea\u8a00\u4e0d\u53ef\u6709\uff0c\u4fa0\u58eb\u5802\u4e2d\u517b\u6765\u4e45\u3002
\n\u597d\u978d\u597d\u9a6c\u4e5e\u4e0e\u4eba\uff0c\u5341\u5343\u4e94\u5343\u65cb\u6cbd\u9152\u3002
\n\u8d64\u5fc3\u7528\u5c3d\u4e3a\u77e5\u5df1\uff0c\u9ec4\u91d1\u4e0d\u60dc\u683d\u6843\u674e\u3002
\n\u6843\u674e\u683d\u6765\u51e0\u5ea6\u6625\uff0c\u4e00\u56de\u82b1\u843d\u4e00\u56de\u65b0\u3002
\n\u5e9c\u53bf\u5c3d\u4e3a\u95e8\u4e0b\u5ba2\uff0c\u738b\u4faf\u7686\u662f\u5e73\u4ea4\u4eba\u3002
\n\u7537\u513f\u767e\u5e74\u4e14\u4e50\u547d\uff0c\u4f55\u987b\u5f87\u4e66\u53d7\u8d2b\u75c5\u3002
\n\u7537\u513f\u767e\u5e74\u4e14\u8363\u8eab\uff0c\u4f55\u987b\u5f87\u8282\u7518\u98ce\u5c18\u3002
\n\u8863\u51a0\u534a\u662f\u5f81\u6218\u58eb\uff0c\u7a77\u5112\u6d6a\u4f5c\u6797\u6cc9\u6c11\u3002
\n\u906e\u83ab\u679d\u6839\u957f\u767e\u4e08\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5f53\u4ee3\u591a\u8fd8\u5f80\u3002
\n\u906e\u83ab\u59fb\u4eb2\u8fde\u5e1d\u57ce\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5f53\u8eab\u81ea\u7c2a\u7f28\u3002
\n\u770b\u53d6\u5bcc\u8d35\u773c\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u4f55\u7528\u60a0\u60a0\u8eab\u540e\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

At last all the bright and naughty things whispered about Paris were fathered upon him; and it was his ill luck that these\u00a0included two poems accusing the Regent of desiring to usurp the throne.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

If you say that someone usurps<\/strong> a job, role, title, or position, they take it from someone when they have no right to do this.<\/p>\n

While in the Bastille he adopted, for some unknown reason, the pen-name of Voltaire, 17 and became a poet in earnest and at length. Before he had served eleven months he had written a long and\u00a0not unworthy epic, the Henriade, telling the story of Henry of Navarre.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

If something is done or happens in earnest<\/strong>, it happens to a much greater extent and more seriously than before.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

If someone does something at length<\/strong>, they do it after a long period of time.<\/p>\n

If you serve<\/strong> something such as a prison sentence or an apprenticeship, you spend a period of time doing it.<\/p>\n

He passed now almost with a bound from the prison to the stage.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

bound<\/strong>.\u00a0a leaping movement upward.<\/p>\n

His\u00a0old father, come to upbraid him …<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

If you upbraid<\/strong> someone, you tell them that they have done something wrong and criticize them for doing it.<\/p>\n

The play netted Voltaire 4000 francs …<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

If you net<\/strong> a particular amount of money, you gain it as profit after all expenses have been paid.<\/p>\n

… he respected the classic adage that one must live before one can philosophize.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

An adage<\/strong> is something which people often say and which expresses a general truth about some aspect of life.<\/p>\n

It was well that he added an almost Hebraic<\/strong> subtlety of finance to his Gallic<\/strong> cleverness of pen; …\u00a0every triumph sharpens the sting of\u00a0later defeats.<\/strong><\/p>\n

He was received and feted everywhere; the aristocracy caught him up\u00a0and turned him into a polished man of the world, an unequalled master of conversation, and the\u00a0inheritor of the finest cultural tradition in Europe.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

feted<\/strong>. celebrated or honoured.<\/p>\n

For eight years he basked in the sunshine of the salons; and then fortune turned away<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Voltaire had held forth for some minutes with unabashed eloquence and wit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

hold forth<\/strong>. to speak for a long time or in public.<\/p>\n

Warned that he had been discovered, and was about\u00a0to be arrested a third time, he took ship again, and reconciled himself to three years in England.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

If you reconcile yourself<\/strong> to an unpleasant situation, you accept it, although it does not make you happy to do so.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fran\u00e7ois became an adept at argument. Someone who is adept at something can do it skilfully. Not that he was a quiet and merely studious lad; he burnt the midnight oil\u2014of others.\u00a0He took to\u00a0staying out late, frolicking with the wits and roisterers of the town, and experimenting with the\u00a0commandments;\u00a0 until […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-130","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-story-of-philosophy"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/130\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=130"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}