{"id":107,"date":"2017-07-02T23:50:55","date_gmt":"2017-07-02T15:50:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/?p=107"},"modified":"2017-07-02T23:50:55","modified_gmt":"2017-07-02T15:50:55","slug":"voltaire-and-the-french-enlightenment-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/2017\/07\/02\/voltaire-and-the-french-enlightenment-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltaire and the French Enlightenment 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>Not to be occupied, and not to exist, amount to the same thing. All people are good except those who are idle.<\/p>\n<p>One must give one&#8217;s self all the occupation one can to make life supportable in this world.<\/p>\n<p>The further I advance in age, the more I find work necessary.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>We should be a <strong>miser<\/strong> of our time and fight for the goal. The feeling of nonexistence comes from the idleness. Voltaire <strong>rejected the idea of retirement<\/strong>. And he found <strong>work was necessary<\/strong> when he advanced in age. He claimed that the work itself became the greatest of pleasures and could <strong>take the place of the illusions of life (or more specifically, suicide)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u4eba\u6709\u4ece\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u9047\u4e0d\u80af\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u5fc5\u5f53\u5148\uff1b\u8bfb\u767e\u904d\uff01\u201d\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u8bfb\u4e66\u767e\u904d\uff0c\u5176\u4e49\u81ea\u89c1\u3002\u201d \u4ece\u5b66\u8005\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u82e6\u6e34\u65e0\u65e5\u3002\u201d \u9047\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u4ee5\u2018\u4e09\u4f59\u2019\u3002\u201d\u6216\u95ee\u201c\u4e09\u4f59\u201d\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u9047\u8a00\u201c\u51ac\u8005\u5c81\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u591c\u8005\u65e5\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u9634\u96e8\u8005\u65f6\u4e4b\u4f59\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u2014\u2014\u300a\u9b4f\u7565\u00b7\u8463\u9047\u4f20\u300b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>Contemporary with one of the greatest of centuries, he was the soul and essence of it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Zeitgeist<\/strong>.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The general intellectual, moral, and cultural climate of an era.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>He was for his country both Renaissance and Reformation, and half the Revolution.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>antiseptic<\/strong>.\u00a0Opposing sepsis, putrefaction, or decay.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>He carried on the antiseptic scepticism of Montaigne, and the healthy earthy humor of Rabelais; he fought superstition and corruption more savagely and effectively than Luther or Erasmus, Calvin or Knox or Melanchthon; he helped to make the powder with which Mirabeau and Marat, Danton and Robespierre blew up the Old R\u00e9gime.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Michel de Montaigne.\u00a0Essais.<\/li>\n<li>Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais. Gargantua and Pantagruel.<\/li>\n<li>Martin Luther.<\/li>\n<li>Erasmus of Rotterdam.<\/li>\n<li>Calvin<\/li>\n<li>Knox<\/li>\n<li>Melanchthon<\/li>\n<li>elder Mirabeau.<\/li>\n<li>Jean-Paul Marat.\n<ul>\n<li><em>The Death of Marat<\/em> &#8211; Painting by Jacques-Louis David, 1793. He also painted\u00a0<em>Oath of the Horatii<\/em> and <em>The Coronation of Napoleon.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-125 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/Jacques-Louis_David_-_La_Mort_de_Marat-251x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Georges Danton. A\u00a0leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, in particular as the first president of the Committee of Public Safety.<\/li>\n<li>Maximilien Robespierre. A French lawyer and politician, one of the best known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>Despite exile, imprisonment, and the\u00a0suppression of almost every one of his books by the minions of church and state, he forged fiercely a\u00a0path for his truth, until at last kings, popes and emperors catered to him, thrones trembled before him,\u00a0and half the world listened to catch his every word.<\/p>\n<p>He and Rousseau were the two voices of a vast process of economic and political\u00a0transition from feudal aristocracy to the rule of the middle class. &#8230;\u00a0it was necessary to loosen old habits and customs, to renovate and invigorate feeling and thought, to open the mind to experiment and change,\u00a0before the great Revolution could come.<\/p>\n<p>Not that Voltaire and Rousseau were the causes of the\u00a0Revolution; perhaps rather they were co-results with it of the forces that seethed and surged beneath\u00a0the political and social surface of French life; they were the accompanying light and brilliance of the volcanic heat and conflagration.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Not that &#8230; ; perhaps rather &#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>seethe and surge.<\/strong>\u00a0bubble up as a result of being boiled.\u00a0a sudden powerful forward or upward movement.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Philosophy is to history as reason is to desire.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>A is to B as C is to D.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Socrates and Plato. Athens.<\/li>\n<li>Aristotle. Macedonia.<\/li>\n<li>Bacon.\u00a0Renaissance.\u00a0Medieval Period.<\/li>\n<li>Spinoza. Jews.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<blockquote><p>The advent of cannon killed the feudal system; ink will kill the modern social\u00a0organization.<\/p>\n<p>Nothing enfranchises like education.\u00a0When once a nation begins to think, it is impossible to stop it.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>shrewdness<\/strong>.\u00a0A shrewd person is able to understand and judge a situation quickly and to use this understanding to their own advantage.<\/p>\n<p><strong>irascibility<\/strong>.\u00a0If you describe someone as irascible, you mean that they become angry very easily.<\/p>\n<p><strong>puny<\/strong>.\u00a0Someone or something that is puny is very small or weak.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8230; throughout his life his frail body tormented with illness <strong>his\u00a0unconquerable spirit.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>hetaira<\/strong><em>.\u00a0<\/em>A courtesan in ancient Greece \u2014 an educated, sophisticated female companion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>dissolute<\/strong>.\u00a0Someone who is dissolute does not care at all about morals and lives in a way that is considered to be wicked and immoral.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Not to be occupied, and not to exist, amount to the same thing. All people are good except those who are idle. One must give one&#8217;s self all the occupation one can to make life supportable in this world. The further I advance in age, the more I find work [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-the-story-of-philosophy"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=107"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhanyuwang.xin\/wordpress\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}